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A multidisciplinary team of researchers has developed a deep-learning framework for improving endoscopy to aid cancer detection.

Cancers detected at an earlier stage have a much higher chance of being treated successfully. The main method for diagnosing cancers of the gastrointestinal tract is endoscopy, when a long flexible tube with a camera at the end is inserted into the body, such as the oesophagus, stomach or colon, to observe any changes in the organ lining. Endoscopic methods such as radiofrequency ablation can also be used to prevent pre-cancerous regions from progressing to cancer if they are detected in time.

Unfortunately, during conventional endoscopy, the more easily treated pre-cancerous conditions and early stage cancers are harder to spot and often missed, especially by less experienced endoscopists. Cancer detection is made even more challenging by artefacts in the endoscopy video such as bubbles, debris, overexposure, light reflection and blurring, which can obscure key features and hinder efforts to automatically analyse endoscopy videos.

In an effort to improve the quality of video endoscopy, a team of researchers from the Institute for Biomedical Engineering (Sharib Ali and Jens Rittscher), the Translational Gastroenterology Unit (Barbara Braden, Adam Bailey and James East) and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (Felix Zhou and Xin Lu) have developed a deep-learning framework for quality assessment of endoscopy videos in near real-time. This framework, published in the journal Medical Image Analysis, is able to reliably identify six different types of artefacts in the video, generate a quality score for each frame and restore mildly corrupted frames. Frame restoration can help in building visually coherent 2D or 3D maps for further analysis. In addition, providing quality scores can help trainees to assess and improve their endoscopy screening performance.

Graphical abstract summarising the main messages of the publication. © The Authors CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 (1) Real-time detection of artefacts of different types including specularity, saturation, artefact, blur, contrast, bubbles, each indicated with different coloured boxes on the image. Artefact statistics and quality score are generated. Frames suitable for restoration of blur, artefact and saturation are identified. (2) Fast and realistic frames restoration. Discriminator-generator networks are used. (3) Restoration of the entire video. Before restoration, many more frames were corrupted and fewer frames were of good quality compared to after restoration when over 50% of frames had been restored.Graphical abstract summarising the main messages of the publication. © The Authors CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 (1) Real-time detection of artefacts of different types including specularity, saturation, artefact, blur, contrast, bubbles, each indicated with different coloured boxes on the image. Artefact statistics and quality score are generated. Frames suitable for restoration of blur, artefact and saturation are identified. (2) Fast and realistic frames restoration. Discriminator-generator networks are used. (3) Restoration of the entire video. Before restoration, many more frames were corrupted and fewer frames were of good quality compared to after restoration when over 50% of frames had been restored.

Future work aims to employ real-time computer algorithm-aided analysis of endoscopic images and videos, which will enable earlier identification of potentially cancerous changes automatically during endoscopy.

 

This work was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the EPSRC, the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Health Data Research UK.

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