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Nuclear processes, such as V(D)J recombination, are orchestrated by the three-dimensional organization of chromosomes at multiple levels, including compartments1 and topologically associated domains (TADs)2,3 consisting of chromatin loops4. TADs are formed by chromatin-loop extrusion5-7, which depends on the loop-extrusion function of the ring-shaped cohesin complex8-12. Conversely, the cohesin-release factor Wapl13,14 restricts loop extension10,15. The generation of a diverse antibody repertoire, providing humoral immunity to pathogens, requires the participation of all V genes in V(D)J recombination16, which depends on contraction of the 2.8-Mb-long immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus by Pax517,18. However, how Pax5 controls Igh contraction in pro-B cells remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that locus contraction is caused by loop extrusion across the entire Igh locus. Notably, the expression of Wapl is repressed by Pax5 specifically in pro-B and pre-B cells, facilitating extended loop extrusion by increasing the residence time of cohesin on chromatin. Pax5 mediates the transcriptional repression of Wapl through a single Pax5-binding site by recruiting the polycomb repressive complex 2 to induce bivalent chromatin at the Wapl promoter. Reduced Wapl expression causes global alterations in the chromosome architecture, indicating that the potential to recombine all V genes entails structural changes of the entire genome in pro-B cells.

Original publication

DOI

10.1038/s41586-020-2454-y

Type

Journal article

Journal

Nature

Publication Date

08/2020

Volume

584

Pages

142 - 147

Addresses

Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.

Keywords

B-Lymphocytes, Animals, Mice, Proteins, Immunoglobulin Variable Region, Cell Cycle Proteins, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, Repressor Proteins, Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly, Binding Sites, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains, Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain, Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid, Promoter Regions, Genetic, V(D)J Recombination, Polycomb Repressive Complex 2, PAX5 Transcription Factor