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Inflammatory and innate immune signaling in response to recognition of pathogens is essential for immunity and host survival. However, deregulation may lead to detrimental pathologies including immunodeficiency, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins have emerged as important regulators of innate immune signaling downstream of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2 receptors, and the retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I receptor. Recent evidence suggests that cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP facilitate ubiquitin-dependent signaling activated by these PRRs and mediate activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factors as well as the MAP kinases p38 and JNK. Here, we review the current understanding of IAP-mediated PRR signaling and how IAP proteins might present as promising targets for anti-inflammatory therapies in PRR-dependent inflammatory diseases including Crohn's disease, Blau syndrome, and septic shock.

Type

Journal article

Journal

Discovery medicine

Publication Date

03/2011

Volume

11

Pages

221 - 231

Addresses

Ubiquitin Signaling Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.

Keywords

Animals, Humans, Inflammation, NF-kappa B, Signal Transduction, Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein, Immunity, Innate